If you’re exploring options for a red light therapy wand, you’re likely seeking a device to ease pain, improve skin, or boost recovery. The best overall pick, the Lifepro Near Infrared Red Light Therapy Torch, offers a versatile wavelength setup for comprehensive treatment. The Infrared Red Light Therapy Wand for Joint and Muscle Pain Relief stands out for targeted relief, while the Red & Blue LED Face & Neck Light Therapy Wand excels in skin rejuvenation. However, these devices vary widely in features, wavelength options, and portability, leading to tradeoffs between price, versatility, and ease of use. Continue reading for a full breakdown to find the right fit for your specific goals.
Key Takeaways
- Wavelength selection is key: Devices with multiple wavelengths (red, near-infrared) offer broader treatment options, but often come at a higher cost.
- Portability varies: Compact, handheld models are convenient but may have limited coverage, while larger units provide full-body treatment but are less portable.
- Targeted vs. versatile use: Some wands focus solely on pain relief, while others combine beauty features like skin rejuvenation, which can influence value and purpose.
- Build quality and safety matter: Higher-quality devices with certified components reduce risk and improve durability, especially for frequent use.
- Price differences reflect features: Budget-friendly models are effective for basic treatments, but premium options generally offer more wavelengths and accessories for enhanced results.
| Handheld Red Light Therapy for Body, LED Light Treatment Device with Blue and NIR Infrared for Pain Relief |  | Best Overall for Versatility and On-the-Go Use | Wavelengths: 630nm, 660nm, 850nm, 940nm, 460nm | Power Source: Rechargeable Lithium Ion battery | Batteries: 2 AA batteries required (included) | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Infrared Red Light Therapy Wand for Joint and Muscle Pain Relief |  | Best for Targeted Pain and Tissue Repair in a Portable Package | Wavelengths: Tri-wavelength (red and infrared) | Application: Joint and muscle pain relief, skin health, tissue repair | Design: Portable, wireless, lightweight | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Lifepro Near Infrared Red Light Therapy for Body Joints & Muscles – Portable Red Light Therapy Torch with 630nm, 660nm, 850nm LEDs |  | Best for Relaxation and Daily Wellness on the Go | Wavelengths: 630nm, 660nm, 850nm | Use: Muscle and joint therapy | Portability: Yes | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Red Light Therapy Device, Handheld Dual 660nm & 808nm Wavelength Infrared Light Therapy Wand for Body, Knee, Shoulder, Back, Joint & Pet, Promotes Pain Relief, Portable with Stand for Home Use |  | Best for Deep and Surface Tissue Therapy with Adjustable Settings | Wavelengths: 660nm & 808nm | Adjustable Red Light Levels: 4 | Timer: 5 to 30 minutes | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Infrared & Red Light Therapy Torch for Body, Face, Eyes, Hair, & Knee Wellness Support | Portable Infrared Wand with Triple Wavelengths |  | Best for Multi-Application Wellness with Travel Convenience | Wavelengths: 630nm, 660nm, 850nm | Power Source: Battery Powered | Light Source Type: LED | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Infrared Light Therapy Device for Joint, Muscle, and Skin Care |  | Best Portable Multi-Wavelength Therapy Tool | Wavelengths: 630nm, 660nm, 850nm | Battery: Built-in rechargeable Li-ion | Charging Port: Type-C | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Red & Blue LED Face & Neck Light Therapy Wand – 7 in 1 Rejuvenation Beauty Tool |  | Best Multi-Color Skin Rejuvenation Device | Number of Light Colors: 7 | Application Areas: Face and neck | Power Source: Rechargeable/Reusable | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Red Light Therapy Device, Handheld Dual 660nm & 808nm Infrared Light Wand for Body, Knees, Shoulders, Back, Joints & Pets, Portable with Stand |  | Best Dual-Wavelength Deep & Surface Relaxation Tool | Wavelengths: 660nm & 808nm | Modes: Continuous, Pulsed | Timer Options: 5-30 minutes | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Lifepro BioLux Infrared & Red Light Therapy Device for Body & Pets |  | Best Versatile Multi-Wavelength Portable Therapy | Wavelengths: 650nm, 670nm, near infrared | Use: Body, face, pets | Power: Fully rechargeable, approx. 3–4 hours | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Red Light Therapy Device, Handheld Near Infrared and Red Light for Pain Relief and Muscle Relaxation |  | Best Adjustable Multi-Wavelength Pain & Muscle Relief | Wavelengths: 980nm, 810nm, 660nm | Weight: 0.55 lb | Power Levels: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| red light therapy wand | Wavelengths |
|---|---|
| Handheld Red Light Therapy for | 630nm, 660nm, 850nm, 940nm, 460nm |
| Infrared Red Light Therapy Wan | Tri-wavelength (red and infrared) |
| Lifepro Near Infrared Red Ligh | 630nm, 660nm, 850nm |
| Red Light Therapy Device | 660nm & 808nm |
| Infrared & Red Light Therapy T | 630nm, 660nm, 850nm |
| Infrared Light Therapy Device | 630nm, 660nm, 850nm |
| Red & Blue LED Face & Neck Lig | — |
| Red Light Therapy Device | 660nm & 808nm |
| Lifepro BioLux Infrared & Red | 650nm, 670nm, near infrared |
| Red Light Therapy Device | 980nm, 810nm, 660nm |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Handheld Red Light Therapy for Body, LED Light Treatment Device with Blue and NIR Infrared for Pain Relief
This device stands out for its five-wavelength therapy, combining red, blue, and near-infrared lights, making it highly adaptable for skin care, pain relief, and recovery routines. While it offers multiple treatment modes, including Pulse Mode for sensitive users, its reliance on batteries can be a minor inconvenience compared to the rechargeable options of other models like the Lifepro Near Infrared Red Light Therapy. The device’s portability and quick 3-minute sessions support busy lifestyles, but its limited specifications on treatment efficacy leave some uncertainty about long-term benefits. Compared to more specialized devices, this wand provides broad-spectrum therapy suitable for users seeking convenience and variety, though it sacrifices some depth of clinical data.
Pros:- Five-wavelength light therapy for diverse skin and recovery needs
- Lightweight and portable for convenience
- Multiple treatment modes including Pulse for sensitive skin
Cons:- Requires batteries or rechargeable power, which may be inconvenient
- Limited detailed info on treatment effectiveness
Best for: Individuals who want a versatile, portable device capable of addressing multiple skin and recovery needs on the go
Not ideal for: Those seeking professional-grade, long-term treatment plans or detailed specifications for clinical use
- Wavelengths:630nm, 660nm, 850nm, 940nm, 460nm
- Power Source:Rechargeable Lithium Ion battery
- Batteries:2 AA batteries required (included)
- Material:Stainless Steel
- Item Dimensions:1″D x 1″W x 4.7″H
- Weight:Lightweight and portable
Our verdict“This pick makes the most sense for users needing a versatile, easy-to-carry device for general wellness routines.”
Infrared Red Light Therapy Wand for Joint and Muscle Pain Relief
This handheld wand leverages tri-wavelength technology to target joint and muscle pain, with a focus on tissue repair and inflammation reduction. Unlike the Lifepro LumiCure, which emphasizes general wellness, this device is designed explicitly for pain relief, making it more effective for acute issues. Its wireless, portable design allows for on-the-spot treatments, but the lack of specific technical specs or treatment duration can make dosing less predictable. Suitable for athletes, elderly users, and pet owners, this wand offers a flexible approach to pain management, though some may find its multiple settings complex or confusing without detailed instructions.
Pros:- Effective for reducing joint and muscle pain
- Portable and wireless for easy use anywhere
- Suitable for humans and pets alike
Cons:- No detailed specs or treatment guidance provided
- Results may vary between users
Best for: People seeking targeted pain relief and tissue healing, especially for joints, muscles, or pets
Not ideal for: Users looking for comprehensive wellness or skin rejuvenation without specific pain focus
- Wavelengths:Tri-wavelength (red and infrared)
- Application:Joint and muscle pain relief, skin health, tissue repair
- Design:Portable, wireless, lightweight
- Included:Zippered gift box
Our verdict“This wand is ideal for pain-focused users who want a portable, easy-to-use device for quick relief.”
Lifepro Near Infrared Red Light Therapy for Body Joints & Muscles – Portable Red Light Therapy Torch with 630nm, 660nm, 850nm LEDs
The Lifepro LumiCure supports muscle and joint relaxation with its three specific wavelengths, making it a good choice for everyday wellness routines. Compared to the Handheld Red Light Therapy device, it offers a simpler, more focused approach but lacks detailed information on treatment duration or clinical backing. Its lightweight and inclusion of a wrist strap and case make it especially convenient for travel, though the absence of certification may be a concern for those seeking more validated therapy outcomes. It’s well-suited for users who want an easy, straightforward device for relaxation rather than intensive therapy.
Pros:- Supports muscle and joint relaxation effectively
- Portable and easy to carry
- Simple to operate with touch button
Cons:- Limited info on treatment duration
- No specific clinical certifications
Best for: Individuals seeking a portable, beginner-friendly device primarily for muscle and joint relaxation
Not ideal for: Those requiring detailed clinical data or targeted skin rejuvenation treatments
- Wavelengths:630nm, 660nm, 850nm
- Use:Muscle and joint therapy
- Portability:Yes
- Accessories:Wrist strap, Zippered case
Our verdict“This device makes the most sense for casual users prioritizing ease of use and portability for daily relaxation.”
Red Light Therapy Device, Handheld Dual 660nm & 808nm Wavelength Infrared Light Therapy Wand for Body, Knee, Shoulder, Back, Joint & Pet, Promotes Pain Relief, Portable with Stand for Home Use
This wand combines 660nm red and 808nm infrared wavelengths, offering both surface and deep tissue therapy. Its customizable red light levels, adjustable timer, and modes make it suitable for personalized treatments at home, especially compared to the simpler Lifepro LumiCure. The inclusion of a stand and goggles adds to its convenience, but frequent recharging can be a hassle for regular users. Its dual-wavelength approach makes it versatile for pain relief and muscle recovery, yet the complexity of multiple settings may overwhelm beginners or casual users. It’s best suited for users who want a tailored, multi-depth treatment solution for chronic pain or recovery.
Pros:- Dual-wavelength for surface and deep tissue treatment
- Adjustable red light levels and timers
- Includes stand, goggles, and accessories
Cons:- Requires regular recharging
- Multiple settings may be complex for beginners
Best for: Home users with specific pain or recovery needs who value adjustable settings and deep tissue therapy
Not ideal for: Casual users or those seeking a straightforward, single-wavelength device for basic wellness
- Wavelengths:660nm & 808nm
- Adjustable Red Light Levels:4
- Timer:5 to 30 minutes
- Modes:Continuous & Pulsed
- Power Source:Rechargeable via USB Type-C
- Includes:Stand, goggles, user manual, USB cable
Our verdict“This device is ideal for users seeking customizable, multi-depth therapy for chronic pain or recovery routines.”
Infrared & Red Light Therapy Torch for Body, Face, Eyes, Hair, & Knee Wellness Support | Portable Infrared Wand with Triple Wavelengths
This portable wand employs three wavelengths (630nm, 660nm, 850nm), making it versatile enough for pain relief, skin rejuvenation, and muscle relaxation. Its compact design with a USB charger, protective eyewear, and simple one-button operation makes it suitable for quick treatments at home or while traveling. Compared to the multi-wavelength devices like the Handheld Red Light Therapy, it offers fewer features but excels in ease of use and portability. The limited runtime of 3 minutes per session might require multiple applications for full benefits, but it remains a solid choice for users who want a lightweight, all-in-one device for multiple wellness needs on the go.
Pros:- Versatile triple-wavelength design for various uses
- Compact, lightweight, travel-friendly
- Includes protective eyewear and quick-start guide
Cons:- Limited runtime per session (3 minutes)
- Not water resistant, limiting humid environment use
Best for: Travelers and busy individuals who want a compact, multi-purpose therapy device
Not ideal for: Users seeking long sessions or professional-grade, clinic-level treatments
- Wavelengths:630nm, 660nm, 850nm
- Power Source:Battery Powered
- Light Source Type:LED
- Brightness:50 Lumens
- Battery Type:Lithium Ion
- Runtime:3 minutes
- Material:Aluminum, Stainless Steel
- Mounting Type:Handheld
Our verdict“This device suits users needing a portable, all-in-one red and near-infrared therapy tool for light, skin, and pain relief applications.”
Infrared Light Therapy Device for Joint, Muscle, and Skin Care
This compact device stands out for combining three effective wavelengths—630nm, 660nm, and 850nm—making it versatile for targeting muscles, joints, and skin. Compared with the Lifepro BioLux, it offers a more straightforward, lightweight design, but its 5-minute session limit and lack of waterproofing mean it’s less suited for prolonged or water-exposed use. Its aluminum alloy body ensures durability, yet the invisible infrared light requires careful handling to avoid accidental overexposure. This pick makes the most sense for users seeking a portable, multi-wavelength device for quick relief on the go, especially if they prioritize durability and easy rechargeability.Pros:- Uses three effective wavelengths for versatile therapy
- Lightweight and portable design
- Rechargeable via USB-C with durable aluminum build
Cons:- Limited to 5-minute sessions per use
- Not waterproof, requiring careful handling
Best for: Active individuals who want a portable, multi-wavelength device for quick relief on the move
Not ideal for: People needing longer therapy sessions or waterproof options, as this device limits to 5-minute uses and isn’t water-resistant
- Wavelengths:630nm, 660nm, 850nm
- Battery:Built-in rechargeable Li-ion
- Charging Port:Type-C
- Size:10.7 cm
- Weight:75 g
- Material:Aluminum alloy
Our verdict“This device is ideal for users wanting a durable, portable multi-wavelength tool for quick treatments, but it’s less suited for extended or water-exposed use.”
Red & Blue LED Face & Neck Light Therapy Wand – 7 in 1 Rejuvenation Beauty Tool
This 7-in-1 LED wand excels for skincare enthusiasts seeking a customizable experience, offering seven different light colors for face and neck rejuvenation. Unlike the infrared-focused options like the Lifepro BioLux, it emphasizes visible light treatments aimed at improving skin texture and tone. Its safe, painless operation makes it accessible for all skin types and genders, but the lack of detailed session duration specifics and manual operation may challenge those who prefer automated routines. This makes it perfect for users interested in a versatile, at-home beauty device that covers multiple skin concerns without the need for extra equipment.Pros:- Multiple light colors for tailored skincare
- Safe, painless, suitable for all skin types
- Reusable and eco-friendly design
Cons:- No specific light therapy durations provided
- Requires manual operation and adjustment
Best for: Skincare-conscious users wanting a customizable, multi-color LED device for facial and neck rejuvenation
Not ideal for: Individuals seeking deep tissue or joint therapy, as it primarily targets surface skin improvements and lacks infrared wavelengths
- Number of Light Colors:7
- Application Areas:Face and neck
- Power Source:Rechargeable/Reusable
- Auto Shutoff:Yes, after 5 minutes
Our verdict“This device is best for users looking to customize their skincare routine with multiple light options, but it’s less suited for deep tissue therapy or automated treatments.”
Red Light Therapy Device, Handheld Dual 660nm & 808nm Infrared Light Wand for Body, Knees, Shoulders, Back, Joints & Pets, Portable with Stand
This handheld device combines 660nm and 808nm wavelengths to target both surface and deep tissues, making it more versatile than single-wavelength options like the Lifepro BioLux. Its adjustable brightness and multiple timer options allow users to customize sessions for different body parts or pets, adding convenience. However, supervision is necessary when used on animals, and limited info on battery life can be a concern for longer sessions. The included stand and goggles enhance safety and ease of use. This pick is well-suited for those wanting a flexible, portable device for comprehensive relaxation and pain relief, especially if they also care for pets or require adjustable settings.Pros:- Dual wavelengths for surface and deep tissue therapy
- Customizable brightness and timers
- Includes stand and goggles for safety and convenience
Cons:- Requires supervision when used on pets
- Limited info on battery life duration
Best for: Home users seeking a customizable, dual-wavelength device for body, joint, and pet therapy
Not ideal for: Pet owners needing automatic or water-resistant devices, or those looking for a simple, single-wavelength wand
- Wavelengths:660nm & 808nm
- Modes:Continuous, Pulsed
- Timer Options:5-30 minutes
- Battery:Rechargeable
- Charging:USB-C
- Includes:Stand, goggles, user manual
Our verdict“This device offers flexible, dual-wavelength therapy for comprehensive pain relief and relaxation, but supervision and battery considerations are needed for prolonged use.”
Lifepro BioLux Infrared & Red Light Therapy Device for Body & Pets
The BioLux by LifePro combines several wavelengths, including near-infrared and infrared, to serve on body, face, and pets, offering broad recovery support. Its portability makes it suitable for on-the-go use, but setup requires careful inspection, and the limited detailed instructions could challenge first-time users. Compared with the simpler infrared wand, it provides more targeted multi-wavelength therapy, yet the sensitive light components demand cautious handling. This option is ideal for those wanting a versatile, multi-purpose device for both human and pet wellness, especially if they are comfortable managing more complex setups.Pros:- Portable and versatile for various applications
- Suitable for both humans and pets
- Multiple wavelengths for targeted therapy
Cons:- Requires careful setup and inspection
- Limited detailed instructions available
Best for: Pet owners and wellness seekers looking for a multi-wavelength device for body, face, and pet therapy
Not ideal for: Beginners or users preferring plug-and-play simplicity, as setup and inspection can be demanding
- Wavelengths:650nm, 670nm, near infrared
- Use:Body, face, pets
- Power:Fully rechargeable, approx. 3–4 hours
- Components:Multiple light sources
Our verdict“This multi-wavelength device fits users wanting broad, portable therapy options for themselves and pets, but it may demand more careful handling and setup.”
Red Light Therapy Device, Handheld Near Infrared and Red Light for Pain Relief and Muscle Relaxation
This device offers a broad spectrum of wavelengths—980nm, 810nm, and 660nm—making it highly adaptable for pain relief and muscle relaxation. Its LCD display, adjustable power levels, and modes (CW and pulsed at 10Hz) provide a level of control that surpasses simpler models like the handheld dual-wavelength wand. While it’s lightweight and easy to operate, limited reviews and the need for proper instruction mean new users should proceed carefully. It’s suitable for those seeking comprehensive, customizable therapy for pain management at home or in the office, especially if they desire detailed control over settings.Pros:- Multiple wavelengths for diverse therapeutic effects
- Adjustable power levels and modes for personalized use
- Lightweight with LCD display for easy operation
Cons:- Limited detailed user reviews available
- Requires proper instruction for effective use
Best for: Individuals seeking a highly customizable, multi-wavelength device for pain relief and muscle relaxation
Not ideal for: Users new to light therapy or those preferring plug-and-play simplicity, due to the need for proper setup and understanding of modes
- Wavelengths:980nm, 810nm, 660nm
- Weight:0.55 lb
- Power Levels:25%, 50%, 75%, 100%
- Timer:1-60 minutes
- Modes:CW, Pulsed at 10Hz
- Battery Life:around 3.5 hours
Our verdict“This device is ideal for users wanting detailed control over their therapy sessions, but it’s less suitable for beginners or those seeking simplicity.”
How We Picked
The products in this roundup were evaluated based on performance, wavelength options, ease of use, build quality, and value. Devices offering a mix of red and near-infrared wavelengths were prioritized, as this combination maximizes therapeutic benefits. Portability and included accessories also influenced rankings, with a preference for models that balance power and convenience. Cost was considered alongside features to identify options that provide the best bang for the buck. Ultimately, the ranking reflects which devices deliver effective results across different use cases while maintaining good usability and durability.Factors to Consider When Choosing Red Light Therapy Wand
Choosing the right red light therapy wand involves considering several key factors beyond just the price. Understanding your specific needs, whether for pain relief, skin care, or general wellness, can help narrow down options. Evaluating wavelength options, device design, and additional features ensures you get a device that works effectively and comfortably over time. This guide covers the main considerations to keep in mind before making a purchase.Wavelength Options and Therapeutic Goals
The core of effective red light therapy lies in wavelength selection. Devices with only red light (around 660nm) are great for superficial skin issues and surface-level pain, while near-infrared wavelengths (around 850nm) penetrate deeper, targeting muscles, joints, and inflammation. Some models combine both, offering broader treatment potential but often at a higher price. Clarify your primary goal—whether skin rejuvenation or deep tissue relief—and choose a device with appropriate wavelengths accordingly.
Portability and Coverage Area
Consider how you plan to use your device. Smaller, handheld wands are ideal for targeted treatment of specific pain points or facial skin, but they may require multiple sessions for larger areas. Larger or stand-mounted units can provide full-body coverage but are less convenient to move around. Think about your typical use case—if portability is critical, prioritize lightweight, battery-operated models. For comprehensive treatment, a device with a larger head or stand compatibility is advantageous.
Ease of Use and Safety Features
Intuitive controls, ergonomic design, and safety features like automatic shutoff enhance user experience and safety. Devices with clear instructions and simple operation are better for beginners, whereas more advanced users might prefer customizable settings. Look for certification marks or safety testing to avoid low-quality products that may emit inconsistent light or pose safety risks. Long-term durability and ease of maintenance also influence overall value.
Build Quality and Accessories
Higher build quality typically correlates with longer device lifespan and consistent performance. Devices with sturdy casings, quality LEDs, and reliable wiring are preferable. Additional accessories like stands, protective glasses, or interchangeable heads can expand functionality and convenience. However, added accessories often increase upfront costs, so consider whether they align with your treatment goals and frequency of use.
Price and Value
While budget models can be effective for occasional use, investing in a higher-end device may provide more wavelengths, better build quality, and longer-lasting LEDs, which can improve results and durability. Balance your budget against your intended frequency of use and desired outcomes. Sometimes, paying more upfront results in a device that requires fewer replacements or repairs over time, ultimately saving money and providing better results.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use a red light therapy wand every day?
Yes, most devices are designed for daily use, typically with sessions lasting 10-20 minutes. Regular treatment can help maintain results, but it’s important to follow manufacturer guidelines to avoid overexposure. Consistency is often more effective than intensity, so establishing a routine tailored to your goals is recommended. If you experience discomfort, pause use and consult product instructions or a healthcare professional.
Is red light therapy safe for skin, especially on the face?
Red light therapy is generally considered safe for skin when used as directed, with most devices emitting non-UV, non-ionizing light. However, some individuals may experience mild redness or irritation. Always follow safety guidelines, avoid excessive exposure, and consider wearing protective glasses if recommended. For facial use, choose a device designed specifically for skin treatment to ensure optimal wavelength and safety features.
How long does it take to see results from red light therapy?
Results can vary based on the condition treated, device quality, and consistency. Some users report improvements after a few sessions, particularly for skin tone or minor pain, while others may need several weeks of regular use for noticeable benefits. Patience and adherence to recommended treatment schedules are key. Keep realistic expectations, especially for chronic pain or skin issues, which may require ongoing maintenance.
Are more expensive devices worth the extra cost?
Higher-priced devices often feature multiple wavelengths, better build quality, and additional accessories, which can translate into more effective and longer-lasting treatments. However, for casual or beginner use, mid-range models can still deliver satisfactory results. Evaluate your specific needs and frequency of use to decide if investing in a premium device aligns with your goals and budget.
Can I use a red light therapy wand on pets?
Many models are safe for pets when used properly, offering pain relief or support for joint issues. Always consult your veterinarian before starting treatment, and use the device at a safe distance to avoid discomfort or overstimulation. Devices with adjustable settings and proper safety features are preferable for pet use. Remember, pets may react differently, so observe their behavior and discontinue if they show signs of distress.
Conclusion
For general pain relief and deep tissue treatment, the Lifepro Near Infrared Red Light Therapy Torch stands out as the best overall option, thanks to its versatile wavelengths and portability. If you’re seeking a device mainly for skin rejuvenation or facial use, the Red & Blue LED Face & Neck Light Therapy Wand offers targeted benefits with ease of use. Budget-conscious buyers should consider models with fewer features but reliable performance, while those wanting a comprehensive solution may prefer premium devices with multiple wavelengths and accessories. Beginners should prioritize simplicity, whereas experienced users seeking deeper treatment might opt for devices with advanced settings. Your ideal choice depends on your specific goals, budget, and preferred treatment areas.
